Journal: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
This publication reviews the evolving role of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), highlighting its transformation of systemic treatment in recent years.
Current immunotherapeutic strategies target PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and VEGF, with combination regimens of PD-1/PD-L1 plus VEGF or CTLA-4 inhibitors now established as first-line standard care for advanced HCC.
Efforts are underway to extend immunotherapy into earlier disease stages.
Although molecular biomarkers and classifications have been developed to guide treatment, they are not yet routinely used in clinical practice.
The article also discusses:
- Emerging immunotherapeutic targets
- Ongoing clinical developments that may enhance treatment precision
- Potential improvements in patient outcomes while minimizing risks